Dutch researchers develop self-repairing materials for fusion reactors

Scientists at the Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, known as DIFFER, are working on new materials to protect fusion reactors from extreme heat damage. Their main tool is Magnum-PSI, a specialized device that allows them to study how plasma interacts with materials. Fusion reactors operate under extreme conditions, with plasma temperatures that exceed those of the sun. This creates a challenge for materials used in the reactors. Traditional materials like tungsten can suffer from erosion and cracking due to the heat and particle bombardment they face. This could lead to serious issues with the reactor walls. To address these challenges, DIFFER is exploring self-healing liquid metal layers that could serve as protective barriers for reactor walls. These liquid metals would quickly fill in any damaged areas, providing a continuous shield. This approach could extend the lifespan of reactors and lower maintenance needs. However, there are challenges to overcome. Researchers need to find the right metals that can handle high temperatures and prevent volatility. Additionally, they must design stable mesh supports that can control the flow of the liquid metal. DIFFER is unique among fusion research centers in that it does not operate a fusion reactor itself. Instead, its focus is on material endurance under plasma conditions. Magnum-PSI, which is 15 meters long, simulates the intense environment where plasma meets reactor walls. This facility has already proven its value. In 2018, DIFFER tested tungsten in conditions equivalent to a year’s operation of the ITER fusion reactor, but in just 18 hours. This experiment boosted confidence in using tungsten as a reactor material. As global interest in fusion energy grows, DIFFER and its research could significantly contribute to advancing fusion technology.