EU's complex relationship with China varies by member state

Experts from Lithuania and Poland discussed the complex relationship between China and the European Union (EU) during the Raisina Dialogue 2025. China is the second-largest economy in the world and a major trade partner for Europe, but concerns over human rights and security issues have divided EU member states. Lithuania's experience with China illustrates the tension between economic interests and political sovereignty. The country faced diplomatic backlash after allowing Taiwan to open a trade office in Vilnius in 2021. China responded with trade restrictions, but Lithuania decided to strengthen ties with other Asian markets instead. Laimonas Talat-Kelpša from Lithuania’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs explained that this shift has made their economy stronger. In contrast, Poland has taken a more pragmatic approach, maintaining strong trade relations with China while also focusing on its commitments to NATO and the United States. Poland is a key participant in China's Belt and Road Initiative, but the trade balance is heavily skewed in favor of China, which poses challenges for Polish exports. Małgorzata Bonikowska from Poland's Centre for International Relations noted the difficulties of accessing the Chinese market. The approaches of Lithuania and Poland highlight broader divisions within the EU regarding China. Member states can be categorized into three groups: those prioritizing economic engagement, like Germany; those balancing trade with a strong partnership with the US, like Poland; and those advocating for a hardline stance, like Lithuania. Despite a unified trade policy for the EU, individual countries are able to engage with China on a bilateral basis. However, Talat-Kelpša argued against having 27 different policies, emphasizing the importance of a cohesive EU stance. Beyond trade issues, Europe faces significant security challenges, particularly due to Russia's war in Ukraine. Both Lithuania and Poland have increased military spending in response. There are concerns about China supporting Russia, which could further complicate EU-China relations. Additionally, uncertainties about future US foreign policy may affect Europe’s approach to China. As Europe looks to reduce reliance on Chinese technology and explore partnerships with countries like India, trade volumes remain low. The EU is navigating a complicated relationship with China, balancing economic interests with national and regional security concerns.