Protein discovery reveals bacteria's survival strategy in extremes

Scientists have found a protein that helps bacteria survive extreme conditions by turning into dormant spores. This process makes bacteria nearly indestructible and allows them to live in harsh environments like permafrost, deep oceans, and even space. This phenomenon, known as sporulation, also helps certain bacteria, called superbugs, escape hospital cleaning efforts. They can later revive in patients with weakened immune systems. The research focused on the Bacillus group of bacteria, including those that cause food poisoning and anthrax. The study involved scientists from various institutions, including King's College London and the University of California San Diego. Professor Rivka Isaacson, a co-author of the study, explained that bacteria can enter a dormant state by a process where a larger mother cell surrounds a smaller forespore, providing it with essential nutrients and protection. The researchers discovered that a protein called MdfA is crucial for sporulation. MdfA helps the bacteria break down metabolic enzymes needed for growth, leading to the dormancy process. Using advanced imaging techniques, scientists were able to understand MdfA's structure and how it works. They found that forcing bacteria to produce too much MdfA can be harmful, causing the bacteria to burst. While MdfA is unique to some bacteria, similar proteins may exist in others, including those that cause diseases. The scientists believe their findings could lead to new methods for developing antimicrobial treatments, particularly by targeting the bacteria's recycling system, similar to some cancer therapies. Understanding these processes better may allow for improved control over harmful bacteria.