Study finds sex differences affect age-related neurological diseases

Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital are studying how biological sex influences age-related neurological diseases. Their latest paper focuses on sex differences in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The study found that sex can significantly affect neurological health. For instance, women with strokes tend to experience more severe symptoms than men, while Parkinson's disease is generally more common and severe in men. By reviewing existing research, the team aims to enhance future studies on these diseases and better understand how sex influences brain health. Key findings reveal that sex chromosomes and hormones impact brain functioning. Women have two X chromosomes, which contain many relevant genes, compared to men’s single X and Y chromosomes. This genetic makeup plays a role in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, as recent research shows that certain genes on the X chromosome might increase this risk. Hormones such as estrogen and testosterone also shape neurological disease outcomes. For example, women may experience more severe tau-related damage in Alzheimer’s due to differences in immune response during aging. In contrast, these immune cells can provide protective benefits during a stroke. The researchers suggest that combining studies on younger and older brains could enrich knowledge and lead to better treatments. They call for more detailed datasets that include reproductive history and hormone levels, in order to enhance the understanding of sex differences in brain health. In conclusion, significant insights into neurological diseases could lead to personalized approaches in prevention and treatment based on biological sex.